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    ENGLISH >>>
       
       
  RÉSZLETEK/SAMPLES - IN QUEST OF THE MIRACLE STAG: THE POETRY OF
  HUNGARY
   
  A Note on the Hungarian Language:Provenance, Spelling, and Pronunciation
   
   
  Hungarian is spoken by fifteen million people, with ten million living inside the borders of
  today's Hungary and five million outside. Most of these, possibly up to 2.8 million, live in
  Romania; the rest are in Slovakia, Serbia, Europe. Recently even South Africa acquired
  pockets of Hungarian speakers variously acculturated to their new surroundings.
   
  The majority of Hungary's leading poets were born outside of today's Hungary. This is
  the result of the tragedy of the Versailles-Trianon peace treaty of 1920 in which Hungary
  lost two thirds of her territories.
   
  The Hungarian language belongs to the Ugric subgroup of the Uralic family of
  languages. It is an "agglutinating" language, i.e., a language that uses large numbers
  of suffixes and post-positions. Typical constructions in this sytem are the one-word
  phrases kezemben 'in my hand', which breaks down into kéz- 'hand', -em 'my', and -ben
  'in'; and házamban 'in my house', which can be analyzed into ház 'house', -am 'my', and
  -ban 'in'. In Indo-European languages these relationships are shown by separate
  words; Hungarian piles them up as suffixes. Yet Hungarian is easier to learn than
  Greek, Sanskrit, or Russian, because it lacks obligatory gender and the usual
  Indo-European agreement rules between adjectives and nouns.
   
  The Hungarian alphabet consists of 44 Roman letters and combinations as follows: A, Á,
  B, C, CS, D, DZ, DZS, E, É, F, G, GY, H, I, Í, J, K, L, LY, M, N, NY, O, Ó, Ö, Ő, P, Q, R, S, SZ,
  T, TY, U, Ú, Ü, Ű, V, W, X, Y, Z, ZS. The acute accent does not mean stress - stress is
  always on the first syllable of each word, no matter how long - but means a difference in
  vowel quality; the double acute accent - unique to Hungarian - similarly indicates length
  of the umlauted vowels. An impressionistic English example (using both British and
  American pronunciations) follows after each letter:
   
 
A as in Bob, lot, got (British); or saw, moth (US).
as in father (most dialects) or Bob, got (US).
B as in Bob, bean, better.
C like English ts in cats; word initially as in tse-tse.
CS like ch in Charlie, chicken, choose.
D as in do, did, Douglas.
DZ like ds in English plurals such as lads, lids, needs.
DZS like English j in June, Jill, or dg in judge.
E as in 'open e' pronunciations of let's, get, set, noticeably different from
  Australian and New Zealand 'closed e' pronunciation
as in French été, Australian leg, Meg, keg; does not have a glide at the end like
  like the Anglo-American 'long a' in Able, came, bay.
F as in Frank, fist, foot, fight.
G is always 'hard' as in goose, go, get.
GY is a 'palatalized d', as in the British pronunciation of due, dew, adieu.
H as in Howard, hill.
I is as 'high' and 'tense' as ee in English, but shorter; it has no real English
  equivalent.
has the same quality as Hungarian I but is long; it therefore approximates
  English ee as in feet, sheep, heel, but it lacks the diphthongal glide at the end
  of those English sounds.
J like English y in yes, you, Yankee and German j in ja, Jugend, jemand.
K as in skill, school, skate; it does not have the extra puff of air after it that
  occurs in kill, cool, Kate.
L as in look, like, love.
LY is a historical digraph always pronounced with a silent L, like English y in
  buyer, by-and-by, you.
M as in mom, Mike, limb.
N as in no, enemy, bend.
NY is a digraph for the 'palatalized n' sound spelled Spanish in espaol,
  otoo and spelled gn in French in espagnol, agneau; a similar sound, divided
  between two syllables, occurs in English in canyon, onion, opinion.
O as in Northern British and some quasi-Scottish pronunciations of lots, hot,
  boy, mob; distinct from the pronunciations of A discussed above.
has a similar quality to Hungarian O but is long; comparable to the Scottish
  pronunciation of go, so, no, woe; does not have a glide at the end like either
  the British or the American pronunciations of these words.
Ö as in German ö or oe in Götter, Goetz and French e in meurt; it has no real
  English equivalent.
has the same quality as Hungarian Ö but is long; comparable to the long
  French eux in deux and to German öh in öhl; it has no real English equivalent.
P as in spill, spoil, lisp; it does not have the extra puff of air that occurs after it
  in pill, Peter, pull.
Q is mostly used in foreign words and is pronounced like K.
R is a trilled sound as in Scottish English; it is never pronounced as in American
  hear, her, murmur; most British dialects pronounce a similar but shorter trill in
  the words very, American.
S like sh in most English words, shoe, she; and like English s in sugar, sure.
SZ like English s in Sam, Sit, sew, this.
T as in still, stole, empty; it does not have the extra puff of air that occurs in
  Tom, till, tidy.
TY is a 'palatalized t' as in the British pronunciation of student, stew, Tudor;
  American get you, meet you, met you, come close unless turned into the ch
  sound in faster, more informal speech.
U lies between English oo as in soot, foot and u as in tube.
has the same quality as Hungarian U but is long, resembling North English
  and Scottish English versions of who, knew, woo, unlike the diphthongized
  Anglo-American forms which have a glide at the end.
Ü like French u in tu, and German ü in zünden, Sünde; English has no real
  equivalent.
has the same quality as Hungarian Ü, but is long. It is like German spüren,
  fühlen, Mühe.
V as in victory, nave, live.
W is pronounced the same way as Hungarian V.
X occurs only in foreign words and is pronounced like KS.
Y forms digraphs with preceding N, G, T; after any other letter it is pronounced
  like I.
Z as in zoo, zany, amaze.
ZS like English s in pleasure, leisure, measure; and like French g in garage,
  mirage, dommage.
   
   
  Most Hungarian given names have Western equivalents, thus András = 'Andrew'; Dezső
  = 'Desider' or 'Desiré'; Endre = 'Andrew'; Ferenc = 'Frank' or 'Francis'; Frigyes =
  'Frederick'; György = 'George'; Gyula = 'Julius'; Imre = 'Emery'; István = 'Stephen'; János
  = 'John'; József = 'Joseph'; Károly = 'Charles'; Lajos = 'Louis'; László = 'Leslie' or
  'Ladislas'; Lorinc = 'Lawrence'; Margit = 'Margaret'; Mátyás = 'Matthias' or 'Matthew';
  Mihály = 'Michael'; Miklós = 'Nicholas'; Sándor = 'Alexander'; Sebestyén = 'Sebastian',
  etc.
   
  Some names are, of course, international: Ádám, Ágnes, Anna, Dániel,Dávid, etc.
   
  Balassi's name Bálint is related to Valentine, but Béla, Géza, Levente, Zoltán, etc. have
  no English equivalents. Several family names have obvious meanings, too; e.g. Arany =
  'gold'. János Arany's whole name could therefore be rendered as 'John Gold'. The
  surname Szabó designates the occupation 'taylor'; hence the name of Lőrinc Szabó
  could be Anglicized as 'Lawrence Taylor.'
   
  Petőfi's name, which was originally the Slovak Petrovics, means 'Peterson' both in Slovak
  and in Hungarian; Sándor Petőfi, is therefore, "translatable" as 'Alexander Peterson'.
 

Even Vörösmarty's family name has an etymology; the first part means 'crimson,' and its

  second part means 'bank' or 'grave'; his entire name rendered into English could
  therefore be the same as that of the famous actor, (Sir) 'Michael Redgrave.' These
  possibilities are merely mentioned as curiosities. Other family names are derivatives of
  toponyms or are of obscure etymology.
   
 

Adam Makkai and Earl M. Herrick
   
   
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